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We end up with a past participle (verbED) modifierģ. This move is common in sophisticated English prose. We shorten ("reduce") the relative clause. It is the subject of the relative clause. → which was rung traditionally at one o'clock each day is a relative clause That is, an imaginary "original" sentence stated, "The 16.5-ton bell known as “Great Paul”- which was rung traditionally at one o’clock each day-was the largest bell in the British Isles until the casting of the Olympic Bell for the 2012 London Olympics. → the past participle (verbED) modifier rung is a reduced relative clause

→ COMMA + rung modifies the noun that precedes it: bell (or "Great Paul") Grammatically, that "r_ng" word cannot be rang. → another example, wrong: Susanna, rode her bike to the library.

→ another example, wrong: The building, tilted towards the horizon. Nor should an em dash (or comma) come between a subject and a verb. → We cannot use a simple past tense verb such as rang after an em dash that follows the subject.įor one thing, phrases flanked by em dashes (or commas) are non-essential, but if rang were a simple past tense main verb, it certainly could not be part of a nonessential clause and thus removeable! (Sometimes they are used in place of a colon.) → em dashes are often used to set off parenthetical (nonessential) information. Project SC Butler: Sentence Correction (SC1)